Altruism/Kin Selection
“Dream as if you’ll live forever, live as if you’ll die today (James Dean)! ” By this being said ants and bees are there to protect and provide for the queen at any means necessary. This is where altruism and kin selection play a huge role in the lives of bee’s and ants. Kin selection and Altruism is equal with social insects to dominate many terrestrial habitats that they can hardly describe it as colony of organisms because the individuals appear to operate as a unit that is dedicated to the perpetuation and reproduction of the colony as a whole.
Altruism and Kin selection vary in many ways. There are small colonies with only a few individuals and then there are some with thousands or even millions of individuals. Colonies may begin by single individual or by a large cohort of a parent colony. In some bee’s and ant colonies they are short lived or seasonal, but they may persist for many years. Bees and ants colonies consist of both sexes; however, others are entirely females. Since the Hymenoptera (ants and bees) are haplodiploid, the diploid female produces from fertilized eggs and haploid males from unfertilized eggs (David C. Queller and Joan E. Strassmann). They have a society that is similar to one another when it comes to reproductive division of labor. The insects have only one or a few reproductive, called queens. The individual are workers that specialize in foraging, defending, and carrying for the young. However, they may or may not be morphologically distinct from the reproducing caste (Queller and Strassmann). Kin selection and altruism is widely important according to William D. Hamilton, he generalized it, quantified it, and was the first to argue that it was important.
They formalize the obvious point that helping relatives is advantageous, whereas harming them is not. Basically it explains how to look over situations in which there are tradeoffs between help and harm, for instance like with the bees and ants, they show helping manners rather than harming. Ants and bees know when to aid one relative at the expense of another. Instead of having the mentality of being on there own all the time, having to look over their shoulder 24/7. They have always made an interesting challenge to our evolving notion and social insects are highly altruistic.
Altruism is sensational, when a worker bee commits suicide in stinging an adversary (Turner J. Scott). The hordes of sterile workers that help others come from their parents or occasionally siblings that reproduce in their stead. Darwin thinks that treating altruism as a subterfuge will advance the genetic of the insects to interest of altruist. Interplay between kin selection theory and Altruism has been very complex. Now with bees and ants, altruistic behavior is favored by genetic peculiarity called haplodiploidy. Which means; the parental genes are transmitted differently into male and female offspring.
Haplodiploidy skews the genetic relationships between parents and siblings in a way that favors altruism (Scott). Bees that work can most effectively transmit her genes to the future generations not by producing her own offspring though. However, it forces her mother to produce sisters for her. Bee colonies are single fertile queens as well as ants and the hordes of the sterile, we cannot forget about the female workers either. The production of a few fertile females and drones follow from the genetic peculiarity (Manojkumar, Ramteke, and Gupta Santosh K. ).
Kin selection operates in the organisms other than altruism, has an important goal to include all of the organisms in a common explanatory framework. It has the theory that predicts that colony mates must be related and that sterility must be conditionally expressed. In some insects, for instance, the ant in particular, colonies are founded by numerous unrelated queens. Since they collaborate often in the face of brood stealing by other colonies and in rearing a larger initial worker force, which is crucial for the early survival of the colony (Wenseleers, Tom, Adam G. Hart, and Francis L. W. Ratnieks). Then the workers that emerge, cooperation among the queens usually ends and all killed except one, either by their rivals or by workers. If the queen has some type of probability of being the sole survivor, queens that has direct benefits is more mutualistic than altruistic. Being that no altruistic sacrifice requiring kin selection takes place and each queen takes a calculated risk in trying to become the sole queen of a large successful colony.
The queens that are not related fight for control of the nest and workers force. These fights are very intense and end in the death of all but one queen. A great challenge to the central prediction of kin selection is posted by ants, called unicolonial ants, which are characterized by huge colonies, many queens, and little aggression within a network of interconnected nests that are probably formed by budding. Even though so little kin selection is possible, unless individuals can distinguish close kin from random colony mates, altruism might be maintained.
This is so workers in these species are too specialized to revert to a reproductive role. With zero relatedness, traits of nonreproductive workers lose all heritability and workers traits can no longer evolve adaptively (Queller and Strassmann). For kin selection to produce a sterile caste it’s genes for sterility must either be expressed conditionally or have low penetrance. A sterility gene that is always expressed never gets reproduced even if it indirectly. This is so any relatives with the gene are also sterile.
However, a sterility gene expressed only in poorly fed females causes them to help well-fed relatives, which can then transmit their unexpressed sterility genes is a prime example of evolving under kin selection (Queller and Strassmann). Queenship in stingless bees is thought to be because of heterozygosity, which is a special mechanism that is consistent with altruism. The most shocking support for kin selection from of any organism comes from the studies of sex ratio. Sex ratio equilibrium occurs when the number of males and females are equal.
The relatedness does not cancel if the sex ratio is controlled by workers in the ants or bees, whose haplodiploid genetic system generates peculiar pattern (Queller and Strassmann). Most colonies that are headed by a single mated queen, workers can allocate their effort between two kinds of reproductive. One is a female who are full sister, related by 0. 75, and males who are brothers that are related by 0. 25. Then there is the reproductive males and females who are equally costly to produce. This theory is predicted by a population equilibrium at three reproductive female for every reproductive male (Queller and Strassmann).
Being that the ratio is an equilibrium the average male has three fold reproductive advantage over the average female, which an advantage that is exactly balanced from the worker point of view by the fact that a brother carries only one third of as many worker genes as a sister. Males and females are not equally costly the same conclutions hold for ratio of investments because the queen controls the investment, which mean the equilibrium is a 1:1 investment ratio. Whereas, under the workers control the equilibrium investment ratio is 3:1, therefore this provided the females reared are full sisters.
Haplodiploid hypothesis has been so influential that it is sometimes confused with the much more general theory of kin selection itself (Queller and Strassmann). Meanwhile, the decline has sometimes led to the misimpression that kin selection theory has been proven inadequate. Many female Hymenoptera have the abilities that could make them effective workers. There are many ways in which groups of individuals can organize their work synergistically as a rule; this synergism must evolve after cooperation has been initiated for other reasons.
There is an exception that might arise if a female is in a poor condition and is unable to function well as reproductive but are still able function well as helpers provides better defense against predators. Two stings might be more than twice as effective as in one. Kin Selection and Altruism play a huge roll in ants and bees colonies to help them survive longer and to keep the colony running as long as it does. Without these bees and ants probably would not last more than a few weeks.
